projection keyboard

introduction:

             A projection keyboard is a form of computer input device whereby the image of a virtual keyboard is projected onto a surface: when a user touches the surface covered by an image of a key, the device records the corresponding keystroke.

             virtual keyboard: 

 we can say An optical virtual keyboard,It optically detects and analyses human hand and finger motions and interprets them as operations on a physically non-existent input device like a surface with painted or projected keys. In that way it can emulate unlimited types of manually operated input devices (such as a mouse, keyboard, and other devices). Mechanical input units can be replaced by such virtual devices, potentially optimized for a specific application and for the user's physiology, maintaining speed, simplicity and unambiguity of manual data input.

            design:

A laser or beamer projects visible virtual keyboard onto level surface. A sensor or camera in the projector picks up finger movements ,Software converts the coordinates to identify actions or characters.

Some devices project a second (invisible infrared) beam above the virtual keyboard. The user's finger makes a keystroke on the virtual keyboard. This breaks the infrared beam and reflects light back to the projector. The reflected beam passes through an infrared filter to the camera. The camera photographs the angle of incoming infrared light. The sensor chip determines where infrared beam was broken. Software determines the action or character to be generated.

The projection is realized in four main steps and via three modules: projection module, sensor module and illumination module. The main devices and technologies used to project the image are a diffractive optical element, red laser diode, CMOS sensor chip and an infrared (IR) laser diode.

note:

An infra-red plane of light is generated on the interface surface. The plane is however situated just above and parallel to the surface. The light is invisible to the user and hovers a few millimeters above the surface. When a key position is touched on the surface interface, the light is reflected from the infra-red plane in the vicinity of the key and directed towards the sensor module.

coordinates:

Map reflection coordinates (Sensor Module)

The reflected light user interactions with the interface surface is passed through an infra-red filter and imaged on to a CMOS image sensor in the sensor module. The sensor chip has a custom hardware embedded such as the Virtual Interface Processing Core and it is capable of making a real-time determination of the location from where the light was reflected. The processing core may track not only one, but multiple light reflections at the same time and it can support multiple keystrokes and overlapping cursor control inputs.

Interpretation and communication (Sensor module)

The micro-controller in the sensor module receives the positional information corresponding to the light flashes from the sensor processing core, interprets the events and then communicates them through the appropriate interface to external devices. By events it is understood any key stroke, mouse or touchpad control.

Most projection keyboards use a red diode laser as a light source and may project a full size QWERTY keyboard. The projected keyboard size is usually 295 mm x 95 mm and it is projected at a distance of 60 mm from the virtual keyboard unit. The projection keyboard detects up to 400 characters per minute.

The keyboard unit works on lithium-ion batteries and offers at least 120 minutes of continuous typing. The projection unit sizes vary but normally is not bigger than 35 mm x 92 mm x 25 mm.

                     projected touch screen display

Introduction:

              Basically, there are two world in technology and engineering depending upon which ideas and applications are designed & implemented

                        a> analog world

                        b> digital world

there is a third world called the real world, from where an object has the direct or indirect access to these analog as well as digital world. Form the real world an object has the direct access to the analog world and indirect access with the digital world through analog world.

example: now a day’s every computer system have 95% of digital function and remaining of 5% have the analog functionality to interact with the real world object .

Before going to the depth of this project, must aware about the touch screen display. In the electronic term a touch screen is an electronic visual display that the user can control through simple or multi-touch gestures by touching the screen with one or more fingers. The touch screen enables the user to interact directly with what is displayed, rather than using a mouse, touchpad, or any other intermediate device (other than a stylus, which is optional for most modern touch screens).

example: let us suppose there is a folder in display named file manager if the user want to access this folder ,just touch the folder through which the user will get access to this folder. There is no need of clicking by mouse or else.

So, there is a interaction between the real world and the digital world (i.e. the object is interacting with the digital world totally, or the interaction is 100% ).

Key:

The theme of this project is to bring the digital world in the real world and make a interface real world object with the real world system.

Design ideas:

Q. how to bring the digital functionality in the real world?

Sol: This can be done by the projection technique. We have to create a image pattern of the display by projection which consist of information.

Q. how to make the interface between object and the projected digital information?

Sol: The interface can be done by using digital eye (camera).

Imagined ideas:

1.     There must be a device consisting of processing units which will be connected to a system by Bluetooth/by physically.

2.     A camera will be there for sensing the input. The camera acts as a digital eye.

3.     A device (unknown) will be there to produce the light beams.

4.     The light beams will create the image pattern, which consist of information.

5.     Some software’s may be need for this.

Issues:

1.     When an object will touch a folder on the projected screen, the camera will take the coordinate of the folder, it will result a console response to the system not on the projected screen.

How to operate the projected image (think....) ?

Solution:

                                                                             

I.                   There may be a solution.. we can use a glass type material which acts as a display system & have the same functionality like a display device.

Any Batter solution....?

CONCEPT REQUIRED

I.                   Display devices

II.                 Touch screen display

III.              Digital eyes

IV.              Processing unit

V.                Light beams

VI.              Bluetooth

VII.           Projector/projection device

VIII.         Software’s

IX.              Device interface

X.                 Projection material(may be/may not be)

     

      

  

PLD

A programmable logic device (PLD) is an electronic component used to build reconfigurable digital circuits. Unlike a logic gate, which has a fixed function, a PLD has an undefined function at the time of manufacture. Before the PLD can be used in a circuit it must be programmed, that is, reconfigured.

Before PLDs were invented, read-only memory (ROM) chips were used to create arbitrary combinational logic functions of a number of inputs. Consider a ROM with m inputs (the address lines) and n outputs (the data lines). When used as a memory, the ROM contains 2^m words of n bits each.

Now imagine that the inputs are driven not by an m-bit address, but by m independent logic signals. Theoretically, there are 2^2m possible Boolean functions of these m input signals. By Boolean function in this context is meant a single function that maps each of the 2^m possible combinations of the m Boolean inputs to a single Boolean output. There are 2^2m possible distinct ways to map each of 2^m inputs to a Boolean value, which explains why there are 2^2m such Boolean functions of m inputs.

Now, consider that each of the n output pins acts, independently, as a logic device that is specially selected to sample just one of the possible 2^2m such functions. At any given time, only one of the 2^m possible input values can be present on the ROM, but over time, as the input values span their full possible domain, each output pin will map out its particular function of the 2^m possible input values, from among the 2^2m possible such functions. Note that the structure of the ROM allows just n of the 2^2m possible such Boolean functions to be produced at the output pins. The ROM therefore becomes equivalent to n separate logic circuits, each of which generates a chosen function of the m inputs.

The advantage of using a ROM in this way is that any conceivable function of all possible combinations of the m inputs can be made to appear at any of the n outputs, making this the most general-purpose combinational logic device available for m input pins and n output pins.

Also, PROMs (programmable ROMs), EPROMs (ultraviolet-erasable PROMs) and EEPROMs (electrically erasable PROMs) are available that can be programmed using a standard PROM programmer without requiring specialised hardware or software. However, there are several disadvantages:

·         they are usually much slower than dedicated logic circuits,

·         they cannot necessarily provide safe "covers" for asynchronous logic transitions so the PROM's outputs may glitch as the inputs switch,

·         they consume more power,

·         they are often more expensive than programmable logic, especially if high speed is required.

Since most ROMs do not have input or output registers, they cannot be used stand-alone for sequential logic. An external TTL register was often used for sequential designs such as state machines. Common EPROMs, for example the 2716, are still sometimes used in this way by hobby circuit designers, who often have some lying around. This use is sometimes called a 'poor man's PAL'.

A programmable logic array (PLA) is a kind of programmable logic device used to implement combinational logic circuits. The PLA has a set of programmable AND gate planes, which link to a set of programmable OR gate planes, which can then be conditionally complemented to produce an output. This layout allows for a large number of logic functions to be synthesized in the sum of products (and sometimes product of sums) canonical forms.

PLA's differ from Programmable Array Logic devices (PALs and GALs) in that both the AND and OR gate planes are programmable.

AL devices have arrays of transistor cells arranged in a "fixed-OR, programmable-AND" plane used to implement "sum-of-products" binary logic equations for each of the outputs in terms of the inputs and either synchronous or asynchronous feedback from the outputs.

MMI introduced a breakthrough device in 1978, the Programmable Array Logic or PAL. The architecture was simpler than that of Signetics FPLA because it omitted the programmable OR array. This made the parts faster, smaller and cheaper. They were available in 20 pin 300 mil DIP packages while the FPLAs came in 28 pin 600 mil packages. The PAL Handbook demystified the design process. The PALASM design software (PAL Assembler) converted the engineers' Boolean equations into the fuse pattern required to program the part. The PAL devices were soonsecond-sourced by National Semiconductor, Texas Instruments and AMD.

After MMI succeeded with the 20-pin PAL parts, AMD introduced the 24-pin 22V10 PAL with additional features. After buying out MMI (1987), AMD spun off a consolidated operation as Vantis, and that business was acquired by Lattice Semiconductor in 1999.

Left to right approach (single line analysis)
 

Case 1:

         When the object enters through the plate one the Transducer produce a signal which is send to the microcontroller. The program in the microcontroller 1&2 will execute after receiving the signal which results the movement of the stepper motors at a certain angle.

        The gate is assembled with the stepper motor in such a way that with the clockwise movement of the stepper motor the gate will get closed.

Case 2:

         When the Object leave the plate two the transducer produce a signal which is sent to the microcontroller. The program in the microcontroller 3&4 will execute after receiving the signal which results the movement of the stepper motors at a certain angle.

         We program the microcontroller 3&4 in such a way that when it receive the signal from the transducer it will make the stepper motor to move anticlockwise.

         And the gate which is closed initially will open immediately.     

          

Right to left approach (single line analysis)

Case 1:

         

          

           

      

       

                  Fuzzy Logic Applications

    Almost any control system can be replaced with a fuzzy logic based control system. This may be overkill in many places however it simplifies the design of many more complicated cases. So fuzzy logic is not the answer to everything, it must be used when appropriate to provide better control. If a simple closed loop or PID controller works fine then there is no need for a fuzzy controller. There are many cases when tuning a PID controller or designing a control system for a complicated system is overwhelming, this is where fuzzy logic gets its chance to shine.
    One of the most famous applications of fuzzy logic is that of the Sendai Subway system in Sendai, Japan. This control of the Nanboku line, developed by Hitachi, used a fuzzy controller to run the train all day long. This made the line one of the smoothest running subway systems in the world and increased efficiency as well as stopping time. This is also an example of the earlier acceptance of fuzzy logic in the east since the subway went into operation in 1988. For more information on this see: http://sipi.usc.edu/~kosko/Scientific%20American.pdf(pdf) or http://www.smart.sunderland.ac.uk/f_succ.htm
    The most tangible applications of fuzzy logic control have appeared commercial appliances. Specifically, but not limited to heating ventillation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. These systems use fuzzy logic thermostats to control the heating and cooling, this saves energy by making the system more efficient. It also keeps the temperature more steady than a traditional thermostat. For more information on this application see: http://www.fuzzytech.com/e/e_a_esa.html
    Another signifigant area of application of fuzzy control is in industrial automation. Fuzzy logic based PLCs have been developed by companies like Moeller. These PLCs, as well as other implementations of fuzzy logic, can be used to control any number of industrial processes. For some examples see: http://www.fuzzytech.com/e/e_a_plc.html
    Fuzzy logic also finds applications in many other systems. For example, the MASSIVE 3D animation system for generating crowds uses fuzzy logic for artificial intelligence. This program was used extensivly in the making of the Lord of the Rings trilogy as well as The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe films.
    As a final example of fuzzy logic, it can be used in areas other than simply control. Fuzzy logic can be used in any decision making process such as signal processing or data analysis. An example of this is a fuzzy logic system that analyzes a power system and diagnoses any harmonic disturbance issues. The system analyzes the fundamental voltage, as well as third, fifth and seventh harmonics as well as the temperature to determine if there is cause for concern in the operation of the system. A complete explanation of this project can be found in this paper: Harmonic Distortion Diagnostic using Fuzzy Logic(pdf)
 

photoelectric devices

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